Energy & Climate

EV registrations include 2-wheelers (~60%), 3-wheelers (~30%), and cars/buses (~10%) by volume. 2W and 3W EVs dominate due to FAME-II subsidies and lower purchase price. India's EV penetration in new sales: 2W ~5%, 3W ~55%, cars ~2.4% (FY2024). Tata Motors leads the EV car segment. PLI scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell batteries and EV components is building the supply chain. Charging infrastructure expansion is critical for 4W adoption. Source ↗

National Green Hydrogen Mission approved January 2023 — target: 5 MMTPA green hydrogen production capacity by 2030 with ₹19,744 crore outlay. India aims to become a global green hydrogen hub for export. As of 2024, production is in pilot/nascent stage (a few hundred MT); electrolyser manufacturing capacity is being set up. Green hydrogen requires renewable electricity + water electrolysis; cost parity with grey hydrogen requires electrolyser costs to fall ~60% from 2023 levels. Source ↗

India committed to net-zero by 2070 at COP26 (November 2021) — 10 years after China (2060) and 20 years after the US/EU (2050). NDC interim targets (2030): 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity, 50% cumulative electricity from non-fossil sources, 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005. India updates NDC every 5 years. Carbon credit market (CCTS framework) launched 2023. Finance for adaptation (loss & damage) remains contested at UNFCCC. India's per-capita emissions remain among the lowest of major economies at ~1.9 t CO2e. Source ↗

Includes solar, wind, small hydro, bioenergy, and waste-to-energy. Large hydro (>25 MW) is tracked separately. India's 2030 NDC target is 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity. Wind capacity (~47 GW) growth has slowed compared to solar; offshore wind is nascent. Grid balancing and storage investment will be critical as intermittent share rises above 30%. Source ↗

India's solar target of 100 GW (originally 2022) was achieved by late 2024. The 2030 target is 500 GW non-fossil fuel. Utility-scale solar now dominates new capacity additions. Distributed rooftop solar (~35 GW) and PM Surya Ghar scheme form a growing segment. Land acquisition and grid integration remain challenges at scale. Source ↗

India is the world's 4th largest wind energy market. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra are top states. Wind addition has slowed since FY2019 due to land acquisition, grid connectivity, and competitive tariff issues. Offshore wind (potential: 70+ GW on Gujarat/Tamil Nadu coasts) is still nascent — the first offshore wind tender is being finalised. Re-powering older wind farms with higher-capacity turbines is a policy priority. Source ↗