Ports

India has 12 major ports and ~200 non-major ports. Major ports handled 855 MT in FY2024, non-major ports together handle a comparable volume. Capacity has expanded from 1,014 MTPA to 1,649 MTPA (2024) under Sagarmala Programme. Turnaround time at major ports reduced from 4.67 days (2014) to 2.6 days (2024). Private sector participation through PPP now covers majority of new terminal capacity.

MTPA = million tonnes per annum. Capacity expansion driven by Sagarmala (2015–) and PPP terminals. Mechanisation and digitisation (PCS1x) cut dwell times and demurrage. Inland waterways (NW-1, Ganga) now operational for cargo, diversifying freight.