QUAD

Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) — India, US, Australia, Japan — was revived in 2017 (senior officials) and elevated to Leaders' level in March 2021. Four Leaders' Summits: March 2021 (virtual), September 2021 (Washington DC), May 2022 (Tokyo), August 2023 (Camp David — first hosted by US President), September 2024 (Wilmington). Quad focuses on Indo-Pacific stability, vaccine/health security, climate, cyber, critical technology, infrastructure (PGII). No formal defence treaty or mutual defence obligation.