Electrification

EV registrations include 2-wheelers (~60%), 3-wheelers (~30%), and cars/buses (~10%) by volume. 2W and 3W EVs dominate due to FAME-II subsidies and lower purchase price. India's EV penetration in new sales: 2W ~5%, 3W ~55%, cars ~2.4% (FY2024). Tata Motors leads the EV car segment. PLI scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell batteries and EV components is building the supply chain. Charging infrastructure expansion is critical for 4W adoption.

PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) was approved on 11 September 2024 with ₹10,900 crore outlay over two years (FY2024-26), replacing the FAME-II scheme that ended March 2024. Covers: e-2Ws (24.79 lakh units), e-3Ws (3.16 lakh), e-buses (14,028), e-ambulances, and e-trucks. Subsidy is demand-incentive: ₹5,000/kWh for 2Ws, ₹10,000/kWh for 3Ws and buses. ₹2,000 crore earmarked for 22,100 public EV charging stations across highways and cities. Unlike FAME-II, PM E-DRIVE is linked to a 'battery-as-a-service' model and requires minimum 50% domestic value addition (DVA) — pushing localisation of cells and motors.

India's wind sector was growing steadily from 2004. Addition pace slowed after 2018 due to land acquisition, grid connectivity, and competitive tariff challenges. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra are top states. Offshore wind (potential: 70+ GW on Gujarat/Tamil Nadu coasts) remains nascent. Re-powering older turbines with higher-capacity units is a growing policy priority.