Infrastructure

TODO: verify exact latest figure from AAI. Target is 220 airports by 2025. UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) scheme launched in 2016 to connect tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Some cited figures include heliports and seaplane bases. Source ↗

Baseline is at JJM launch (August 2019), not 2014. Original 2024 deadline missed; extended to 2028. CAG audit (Maharashtra) found ~75% of schemes incomplete and costs nearly doubled to ₹26,410 cr. Kerala reached ~52% coverage by March 2024. Karnataka survey found ~42% of functional connections not actually delivering water reliably. The 17% baseline reflects all rural households, not just those on JJM — some earlier programmes provided partial piped water. Source ↗

India has 12 major ports and ~200 non-major ports. Major ports handled 855 MT in FY2024, non-major ports together handle a comparable volume. Capacity has expanded from 1,014 MTPA to 1,649 MTPA (2024) under Sagarmala Programme. Turnaround time at major ports reduced from 4.67 days (2014) to 2.6 days (2024). Private sector participation through PPP now covers majority of new terminal capacity. Source ↗

Covers 21 cities. Under-construction network is an additional ~1,000 km. Metro connectivity quality and ridership utilisation varies significantly by city; several newer lines operate at lower-than-projected demand. Source ↗

Construction pace rose from ~11.6 km/day in 2013-14 to a peak of ~34 km/day in 2023-24. Delivery runs through NHAI and states; quality and maintenance standards vary by corridor. Some stretches counted as National Highways involve upgrades of existing state roads. Source ↗

Peak of ~36.5 km/day in FY2020-21 declined in subsequent years. Figure is annual average; daily pace varies significantly by season and funding cycle. Source ↗

Covers both PMAY-Gramin (rural, MoRD) and PMAY-Urban (MoHUA). Rural programme builds on Indira Awaas Yojana, renamed and expanded in 2016. Delivery is state-implemented; quality, beneficiary selection, and completion timelines vary significantly. Some states have reported completion numbers ahead of physical construction — periodic audits have flagged discrepancies. Source ↗

PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) has been running since 2000 — the data here covers total cumulative rural road length. Pace of construction increased significantly post-2014. PMGSY-III targets connecting habitations with population 250+ in hill states and 500+ in plains. Road quality and maintenance funding (PMGSY-IV) remain areas of ongoing improvement. Source ↗

MTPA = million tonnes per annum. Capacity expansion driven by Sagarmala (2015–) and PPP terminals. Mechanisation and digitisation (PCS1x) cut dwell times and demurrage. Inland waterways (NW-1, Ganga) now operational for cargo, diversifying freight. Source ↗

Total installed capacity across thermal (coal, gas, oil), nuclear, hydro (large), and renewable (solar, wind, small hydro, bio). Of 442 GW total, ~213 GW is renewable. Peak power demand met rose from 128 GW (2014) to 250 GW (2024). AT&C losses in distribution have reduced from 26% to ~16% over the decade — significant but still higher than global norms. Source ↗

Indian Railways is the 4th largest rail network by size and carries one of the highest freight densities globally. Freight revenue cross-subsidises passenger fares. Coal (~45%) and cement are top commodities. Dedicated Freight Corridors (Eastern + Western DFC, 3,000 km) operationalised 2022–24 to reduce congestion on passenger network. Target: 3,000 MT freight by 2030. Source ↗

TODO: confirm latest electrification percentage from Railway Board. Indian Railways achieved 100% broad-gauge electrification of its mainline network in December 2023, ahead of target. Source ↗

Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (Saubhagya) launched September 2017 to electrify remaining unelectrified households. By April 2018, all 18,452 remaining villages were electrified. By April 2019, 2.63 crore households were electrified under the scheme — claiming near-universal household electrification. Critics note that electrification of a village required only one household to be connected; quality and reliability of supply varies significantly in rural areas. Source ↗

Vande Bharat Express (Train 18) is India's first indigenously designed semi-high-speed train, manufactured by ICF Chennai. First service: New Delhi–Varanasi (Feb 2019). 136 rakes in service by March 2025; target of 400 sets by FY2025-26. Top speed 160 km/h (commercial speed 130 km/h). Design & manufacturing indigenisation is a key achievement; export interest from several countries noted. Source ↗