Infrastructure

TODO: verify exact latest figure from AAI. Target is 220 airports by 2025. UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) scheme launched in 2016 to connect tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Some cited figures include heliports and seaplane bases. Source ↗

Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS) was launched in February 2023 to holistically redevelop 1,309 railway stations across India with improved passenger amenities, rooftop plazas, better circulation, landscaping, and local art/culture. Total outlay: ₹24,470 crore. PM Modi performed the simultaneous groundbreaking of 508 stations on 6 August 2023. The scheme targets stations across all zones with focus on connectivity with the local economy and city. Different from the earlier 'world class' station model — ABSS aims at standard but modern redevelopment for a much larger number of mid-tier stations. Source ↗

Baseline is at JJM launch (August 2019), not 2014. Original 2024 deadline missed; extended to 2028. CAG audit (Maharashtra) found ~75% of schemes incomplete and costs nearly doubled to ₹26,410 cr. Kerala reached ~52% coverage by March 2024. Karnataka survey found ~42% of functional connections not actually delivering water reliably. The 17% baseline reflects all rural households, not just those on JJM — some earlier programmes provided partial piped water. Source ↗

India has 12 major ports and ~200 non-major ports. Major ports handled 855 MT in FY2024. Capacity expanded from ~350 MTPA (2004) to 1,649 MTPA (2024) under Sagarmala Programme. Turnaround time at major ports reduced from 4.67 days (2014) to 2.6 days (2024). Growth was steady from 2004 through 2020; COVID caused a temporary dip. Private sector PPP terminals now handle the majority of new capacity. Source ↗

Covers 21 cities. Under-construction network is an additional ~1,000 km. Metro connectivity quality and ridership utilisation varies significantly by city; several newer lines operate at lower-than-projected demand. Source ↗

NH length in 2004 was ~65,569 km. The notable jump in 2014 (~76,818 km → ~91,287 km) reflects a one-time reclassification of state highways and other roads as National Highways, not purely new construction. Construction pace has genuinely risen — from ~11 km/day (FY2014) to a peak of ~34 km/day (FY2023-24). Quality and maintenance standards vary significantly by corridor and contractor. Source ↗

Peak of ~36.5 km/day in FY2020-21 declined in subsequent years. Figure is annual average; daily pace varies significantly by season and funding cycle. Source ↗

Covers both PMAY-Gramin (rural, MoRD) and PMAY-Urban (MoHUA). Rural programme builds on Indira Awaas Yojana, renamed and expanded in 2016. Delivery is state-implemented; quality, beneficiary selection, and completion timelines vary significantly. Some states have reported completion numbers ahead of physical construction — periodic audits have flagged discrepancies. Source ↗

PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) launched December 2000 to connect all habitations with all-weather roads. Cumulative completions by FY2005 were ~63,000 km. Pace of construction ran consistently across successive governments; post-2014 it averaged ~40,000 km/year vs ~35,000 km/year pre-2014. PMGSY-III targets hill/tribal habitations with 250+ population. Road quality and long-term maintenance funding (PMGSY-IV) remain areas needing improvement. Source ↗

MTPA = million tonnes per annum handling capacity. Capacity nearly doubled between 2004 and 2014 driven by PPP investments and NMDP; it grew another 63% between 2014 and 2024 through Sagarmala. Mechanisation and the PCS1x port community system cut dwell times. Inland waterways (NW-1 Ganga) now supplement coastal freight. Utilisation rate (~52%) leaves significant headroom for traffic growth. Source ↗

Capacity has grown at a consistent pace since 2004. Of 442 GW total in 2024, ~213 GW is renewable. Peak power demand met has risen from ~80 GW (2004) to ~250 GW (2024). AT&C (distribution) losses reduced from ~38% (2004) to ~16% (2024) — a major efficiency gain, though still above global norms. Coal still dominates generation at ~70% of actual units produced despite renewable capacity share (~48%). Source ↗

Freight grew steadily from 2004 through 2015, then stagnated briefly (trucking competition, infrastructure bottlenecks), before accelerating with the Dedicated Freight Corridors (EDFC + WDFC, 3,000 km, fully operational 2022-24). Coal (~45%) and cement are top commodities. Railways' share of freight tonne-km is ~36% — the government targets 45% by 2030 to reduce logistics costs. Source ↗

TODO: confirm latest electrification percentage from Railway Board. Indian Railways achieved 100% broad-gauge electrification of its mainline network in December 2023, ahead of target. Source ↗

Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (Saubhagya) launched September 2017 to electrify remaining unelectrified households. By April 2018, all 18,452 remaining villages were electrified. By April 2019, 2.63 crore households were electrified under the scheme — claiming near-universal household electrification. Critics note that electrification of a village required only one household to be connected; quality and reliability of supply varies significantly in rural areas. Source ↗

Vande Bharat Express (Train 18) is India's first indigenously designed semi-high-speed train, manufactured by ICF Chennai. First service: New Delhi–Varanasi (Feb 2019). 136 rakes in service by March 2025; target of 400 sets by FY2025-26. Top speed 160 km/h (commercial speed 130 km/h). Design & manufacturing indigenisation is a key achievement; export interest from several countries noted. Source ↗