Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)

7 IITs existed by 2004 (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati, Roorkee). 8 new IITs were established 2008–09 under UPA (Bhubaneswar, Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad, Jodhpur, Patna, Ropar, Indore, Mandi). 7 more added post-2014 (Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai, Goa, Jammu, Dhanbad-ISM). Faculty shortages are a systemic issue — several new IITs operate at 40–60% of sanctioned faculty strength. JEE Advanced seats expanded from ~9,600 (2014) to ~17,000+ (2024).